The Historical Measures Of Our Country - 1287 Words

Essential American Documents Learning about the historical measures of our country is very important for many reasons. One reason is because they helped our country become the great country it is today. Many documents, or speeches turned into documents, mark major events that helped develop our country. It is during the weaker moments when the strength of our leaders shine. Overlooking the past, there are many different documents spread out along the timeline. Some happened under pressure while others involved time and effort before the final masterpiece was finished. These great documents vary in a wide range but all had a large impact on this country. To begin, a very important speech, which was later turned into a document, took place quite early in our nation’s history. This speech is known as the Gettysburg Address given by the president at the time, Abraham Lincoln. He gave this speech to a mourning crowd after a large battle in the great Civil War in 1863. The speech ba sically marked the battlefield as an important place and he dedicated it to the men, on both sides, who gave their lives there. President Lincoln was very inclusive in his speech. For example, he said the word â€Å"we† exactly ten times and â€Å"here† eight times. Even though his country was in a war against itself, he encouraged each citizen to come together and appreciated the men who died in battle. This document had a large contribution to our countries upcoming. If it weren’t for Lincoln expressing thisShow MoreRelatedMarketing Development Of New Product Development1469 Words   |  6 Pages (LiHuang, 2012) HOW TO MEASURE NPD PERFORMANCE It is a complex concept to measure the product development performance. The most major of managers uses more than one measure to evaluate new product performance.ï ¼Ë†Salvador Villena, 2013ï ¼â€°As the PDMA Handbook of New Product Development (2007,2012) shows that to assess the product performance, it usually has multiple standards. Some of them listed belowï ¼Å¡ -Quantitative and Qualitative Measurement Quantitative measure usually gains a large data orRead MoreUnited States And The World s Biggest Economy By Ostensible And Genuine Gdp1256 Words   |  6 Pagescentral North America in the middle of Canada and Mexico. The United States is a created country and has the world s biggest economy by ostensible and genuine GDP. United States is among of the earth’s most ethnically diverse and multicultural countries, the result of huge scale immigration from numerous nations. The geology and atmosphere of the United States are likewise to a great degree diverse, and the country is home to a wide assortment of wildlife. The United States has a racially and ethnicallyRead MoreUnited States And The World s Biggest Economy By Ostensible And Genuine Gdp1278 Words   |  6 Pagescentral North America in the middle of Canada and Mexico. The United States is a created country and has the world s biggest economy by ostensible and genuine GDP. United States is among of the earth ’s most ethnically diverse and multicultural countries, the result of huge scale immigration from numerous nations. The geology and atmosphere of the United States are likewise to a great degree diverse, and the country is home to a wide assortment of wildlife. The United States has a racially and ethnicallyRead MoreThe Between Math And Sports1680 Words   |  7 Pagesresources listed near the bottom of this page. Try our Lessons on Decimals, then do the following: What is a batting average? How is a batting average calculated? Calculate the batting averages for the following players. PLAYER AT-BATS HITS BATTING AVERAGE Ken Griffey, Jr 600 173 Sammy Sosa 625 180 Tony Gwynn 411 139 Order the batting averages in tem 3 from least to greatest. Compute the batting averages for 25 players in the 2008 season. Find historical player stats for 20 baseball players from theRead MoreThe Dokdo Dispute Between South Korea and Japan754 Words   |  3 Pagessovereignty ever since 1910 (South). This island has three names, Dokdo, Takeshima, and Liancourt. Dokdo, a solitary island, is a Korean name for this island. Takeshima, a Bamboo Island, is what Japanese call it. Both Japan and South Korea uses historical facts to support their claims for the island (Profile). To what extent is the dispute between Korea and Japan an issue about resources versus history? South Korea claims that Liancourt Island was originally their territory ever since Kim IsabuRead MoreThe Need for Empowerment1652 Words   |  7 Pagesuneducated in relation to politics government, and the world around them. Civic participation is considered a fruitless measure in the minds many American citizens. When interviewed on the subject; many depict themselves as a minute part of a huge entity in which they have no control. Others expressed a lack of time and energy that it takes to be involved, or a dependence on the country as a whole - to make the right decisions. The understanding of democracy and its principals are concepts of an unknownRead More A Revolution of Values: The Promise of Multicultural Essay1058 Words   |  5 Pagespurpose because of the credibility instilled by the historical context of her writing and expert opinions and her appeals to pathos through the use of personal experience. In Hook’s writing she had one specific purpose. She wanted to help people understand the depth and complexities of racial injustice. She is also informing the reader that racism is something that not many people think too much about. She is stating that we tend to overlook most of our past and present issues of racism and segregationRead MoreThe Power Of An Illusion, California Newsreel And Its Co Director Larry Adelman1048 Words   |  5 PagesIn Race: The Power of an Illusion, California Newsreel and its co-director Larry Adelman crafted a documentary that is both accessible and sophisticated. Making use of state-of-the-art scientific, historical, and social-scientific accounts, the series was about the crew being on a detailed tour of a wide range of attitudes and beliefs about race. It exposes the many misconceptions and inadequacies of the common sense views into which we have all been deeply socialized. Most notably, the seriesRead MoreThe Sustainable Development Is Defined By The Brundtland Report Essay1271 Words   |  6 Pagesthe ability of future generation to meet their own needs. (World Commission on Environment and Development). The Gross National Product (GNP) measures the economic activities and production of every country. As the GNP of a country tends to rise so does its resource consumption. Industrialized nations consume more energy per capita than third world countries, as the energy is needed in every economical aspect: business, manufacturing, transportation, agriculture, and architecture. United States ofRead MoreEconomic Factors Affecting The Economic Activity Of The Uae998 Words   |  4 PagesNext we should discuss some of the similarities and contrasts between the two countries. the most important contrast between these countries that is related to the study objective, UAE statistical SMEs report, shows that the dominate SMEs sector is the trade sector (60%) such as retail sector, consumer goods trading or garments trading. the second sector is services (35%) such as contracting industry and tourist-focused services. the Sector that is ripe for development in the UAE, is manufacturing

Shipping American Jobs Overseas Essay - 1021 Words

Shipping American Jobs Overseas Did you know that â€Å"the nation has lost more than 2.5 million manufacturing jobs and more than 850,000 professional service and information sector jobs, due to overseas shipping since 2001? (Aflcio)† It is clear to me that some big business companies don’t value the protection of employees very highly. By some big business, ill single one out and state that Goldman Sachs has shipped approximately 500,000 American jobs overseas in the past few years. That’s about half of the total net job loss during these past years (Aflcio). This shows that companies are reluctant to stay in American and scared of the current economic situation. It upsets me to see American jobs being shipped overseas at such a rough time†¦show more content†¦should receive those tax cuts. Financials have revealed that oversea companies receive government procurement contracts worth billions of dollars along with their tax breaks. Not only are these b usinesses getting cuts on their finances they get financial aid to help them. This money comes from American taxpayers, and it goes towards a business that does not provide any help towards the country that is assisting it (Aflcio). The jobs that they do offer are located halfway around the world; this does no good for the hard-working American. â€Å"These taxpayer-financed benefits usually come with very few strings attached; allowing companies to skim additional profits by performing publicly funded work overseas (Aflcio).† I believe that, in this day and age, companies are always trying to take advantage of the government and find loop hole. Laws concerning the distribution of government procurement should be reformed to not encourage the shipping of jobs overseas, but to promote the growth of a business in America with the assistance of government procurements paid for by the taxpayers who live in the country. Forlini 3 To solve these problems I believe that we need to remove other incentives to ship jobs overseas by taking away the benefits of doing so. One way to remove incentive of shipping jobs would be to implement a national health care system that would benefit the business, so health careShow MoreRelatedMade In America1076 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"Made in America† The trend towards outsourcing overseas and the slowly decreasing of American manufacturing has made it very difficult to find American-made goods, but not impossible. There are a few small businesses that are still dedicated to manufacturing goods in the United States, but in today’s society, they are hard to come by. Buying goods manufacturing in the USA is something that us consumers, business owners and even the government can do to support these businesses that manufactureRead MoreThe Globalization of the American Furniture Industry Essay1679 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican furniture manufacturers have struggled with making cost-competitive products over the past decade. Several have closed U.S. facilities and built plants overseas or hired companies to make the goods in foreign countries and ship them here. Many factors have influenced the decision to move production over seas including, labor costs, price of materials, freight costs, time in transit, overall time to ma ke a product and get it to market, and the amount of training needed for employees. â€Å"ARead MoreNifta Case Study747 Words   |  3 Pagesopening opportunities for American businesses to expand their global reach by encouraging neighbouring countries to shop American products. Nonpartisan congressional research in 2015 concluded that NAFTA did not cause mass job loss (CNN, 2017). The trade deficit might not have been due to low Canadian and Mexican e-commerce sales but rather U.S companies relocating their manufacturing to Mexico and driven by low-wage competition. A huge factor that slowed down exports of American goods is the slump ofRead MoreWide-Ranging Trends That Impact the Oil and Gas Industry1584 Words   |  6 Pagesdetermining the aspects of job security inspiration and job contentment of employees-in the sample-from big and small companies in the industry. It shall be the effects of inclinations as seen by the subjects that will compute the self-determining vari able. The trends are gauged on two precise factors: household, and lawful and overseas. Workers of both small and big oil companies deem the local feature to be uniformly important, but worked of bigger firms consider the lawful and overseas feature to be moreRead MoreEssay about BUSI 613 Journal Review 1 Week 2 31191 Words   |  5 Pagescustomer satisfaction. Ferreiara Prokopets also listed competitive and viable options available to onshore or near shore choices. They go on to further explain, with examples, the relocating (or consideration) of thousands of manufacturing firms from overseas locations to locations within the United States while tying in the fact that in addition to saving money, the ability to oversee equipment production and satisfy customers is also enhanced. Supply Chain Management Theory The single most importantRead MoreSamuel Colt1010 Words   |  5 Pagesforty-seven. His death shocked many and his brother in law Richard Jarvis assumed the factory’s responsibilities. Richard would run the company for years and would contribute in keeping the Colt’s Manufacturing Company legacy alive. In the outbreak of the American Civil War the future of America was being decided in a battle between the North and South. During this exact time Hartford played an important role in manufacturing weapons for the North. As a matter of fact Colt’s company signed a government contractRead MoreOutsourcing and Off Shoring is Unethical Essay635 Words   |  3 Pagesglobal competition are seeing their jobs also now moved overseas shedding light certain jobs, and certain categories are affected. This caused and raised much fear to vulnerable targeted individuals. The lost of the auto and high paying manufacture jobs moving over seas has generated phobia of hollowing-out of the Unites State economy. Let the truth be told â€Å"the lost of those positions, strong economics growths and innovation created far more –and better- jobs to replace them† (Raynor, 2003)Read MoreMis : Information and Services Does the Web Site Provide for Individuals, Small Businesses and Large Businesses1474 Words   |  6 Pagessite is a great sales multiplier for any product or service, business to consumer (B2C) or business to business (B2B). UPS has used the Web site to allow individuals, small businesses and large businesses to gain access to many features that make shipping with UPS faster and more convenient. Since UPS offers a single source to manage global transportation and freight, giving the capacity to extend ones business reach, the organisation has used the web site to show how its experienced staffs has designedRead MoreHow is outsourcing affecting American Citizens, its not only taking jobs away from us Americans1400 Words   |  6 Pagesis outsourcing affecting American Citizens, its not only taking jobs away from us Americans but is also hurting our US economy. Outsourcing is when a company such as Apple sends jobs overseas to a country such as China and has factory workers there assemble the product for a much lower price. Yes this lowers the price of products but we have to take into account how many jobs this it taking from American citizens. Outsourcing jobs does lower the price of products but jobs should stay here in theRead MoreJapanese Automakers in the U.S. Economy Essay1098 Words   |  5 Pagesand Nissan. Or domestic like Ford, GM and Chrysler, also known as Americas Big Three. Should we feel guilty walking into a local Honda dealership to buy a vehicle that is more reliable and efficient than its American competitor? Are we obligated to buy an American car simply to help support the economy? Do Japanese automakers make a negative impact on the automotive industry? No. In fact, Japanese automobiles and the many markets they support stimulate the economy in many

Development politics-political science Free Essays

string(124) " way for the explanation of development policy in terms of a discretionary, type of economic management at the state level\." The development of economic thought on proper public policy has followed (if not led) political tides in developing countries. In the expedition for paradigm dominance in economics and sub disciplines such as development economics, neo-classicism appears to have won out. The market leaning thrust of the development â€Å"counter revolt† is now reflected in the conditionality underlying international policy restructuring, that is, the escalating pressure exerted on developing countries to lessen the scope of government intervention, craft more open policies, and the distended use of conditional development assistance as a means of enforcing conformity. We will write a custom essay sample on Development politics-political science or any similar topic only for you Order Now This must be interpreted from the viewpoint of a more invasive worldview that has perceived excessive government contribution as becoming more obtrusive in more developed and developing countries alike. Mill defined clearly the policy reform of classical economic liberalism. Thus it is helpful to look at the justified government interventions listed in his Principles. He begins his chapter ‘Of the Grounds and Limits of the Laissez-faire or Non-interference Principle’ by distinctive types of intervention. The first he calls authoritative intrusion, by which he means legal prohibitions on private actions. Mill argues on moral grounds that such prohibitions must be limited to actions that affect the interests of others. Although even here the obligation of making out a case always deceit on the defenders of legal prohibitions. Scarcely several degree of utility, short of absolute necessity, will rationalize a prohibitory regulation, unless it can also be made to suggest itself to the general principles. The second form of intervention he calls government agency, which exists ‘when a government, instead of issuing a command and enforcing it by penalties, [gives] advice and promulgates information . . . or side by side with their [private agents] arrangements [creates] an agency of its own for like purpose’. Thus the government can provide various private and public goods, but without prohibiting competing private supply. The examples Mill gives are banking, education, public works, and medicine. (Mill, 1909) The majority of the government interventions Mill permits belong to this second category. But he warns against their costs: they have great fiscal consequences; they boost the power of the government; all additional function undertaken by government is a fresh job imposed upon a body already charged with duties. So that most things are ill done; much not done at all,’ and the consequences of government agency are expected to be counterproductive. In a passage that is prophetic about the structure of numerous public enterprises in developing countries, he writes: The inferiority of government agency, for example, in any of the common operations of industry or commerce, is proved by the fact, that it is hardly ever able to maintain itself in equal competition with individual agency, where the individuals possess the requisite degree of industrial enterprise, and can command the necessary assemblage of means. All the facilities which a government enjoys of access to information; all the means which it possesses of remunerating, and therefore of commanding the best available talent in the market–are not an equivalent for the one great disadvantage of an inferior interest in the result. (Mill, 1909) On these grounds he concludes: ‘few will dispute the more than sufficiency of these reasons, to throw, in every instance, the burden of making out a strong case, not on those who resist, but on those who recommend, government interference. Laissez-faire, in short, should be the general practice: every departure from it, unless required by some great good, is a certain evil’. (Mill, 1909) But Mill also gives a bridge to the ideas that were later to weaken economic liberalism. The most significant of these was the collective ideal of equality, which was later used to develop a powerful cure to the liberal tradition through Marxism and was executed as state socialism by the Bolsheviks. Thus Mill permits various forms of government agency; numerous of which echo what later came to be accepted as causes of market failure, that prima facie could rationalize appropriate government intervention. Such grounds might be externalities in the stipulation of basic education and public services (like lighthouses), and the require to administer financial institutions against fraud, or to resolve diverse forms of what today would be called Prisoners’ Dilemmas. Mill also cited the relief of poverty as another potential reason for government involvement: The question arises whether it is better that they should receive this help exclusively from individuals, and therefore uncertainly and casually, or by systematic arrangements in which society acts through its organ, the state (Mill, 1909). Hence, he argued, the claim to help, . . . created by destitution, is one of the strongest which can exist; and there is prima facie the amplest reason for making the relief of so extreme an exigency as certain to those who require it, as by any arrangements in society it can be made (Mill, 1909). On the other hand, in all cases of helping, there are two sets of consequences to be considered; the consequences of the assistance, and the consequences of relying on the assistance. The former are generally beneficial, but the latter, for the most part, injurious; so much so, in many cases, as greatly to outweigh the value of the benefit. And this is never more likely to happen than in the very cases where the need of help is the most intense. There are few things for which it is more mischievous that people should rely on the habitual aid of others, than for the means of subsistence, and unhappily there is no lesson which they more easily learn. The problem to be solved is therefore one of peculiar nicety as well as importance; how to give the greatest amount of needful help, with the smallest encouragement to undue reliance on it (Mill, 1909). This is a discerning summary of both the attractions and consequences of welfare programmes, which has since been authorized empirically. Though, by assigning a larger and endogenous role for the state or public sector in the economy, Keynes set the way for the explanation of development policy in terms of a discretionary, type of economic management at the state level. You read "Development politics-political science" in category "Papers" Thus, planning came to be viewed as a helpful mechanism for overcoming the deficits of the market-price system, and for enlisting public sustain to attain national objectives linked to economic growth, employment formation, and poverty mitigation. It was against this backdrop that the pioneers of contemporary development economics developed Keynesian and Pigovian critiques of the market-price means to advocate the need for planned development. Since development could not be left completely to market forces, government investment was thought to be desired to create â€Å"social transparency capital† as a means of laying the basics for the developing countries to â€Å"take off† on the flight toward self-sustained economic growth. From the viewpoint of Pigovian externalities, the private sector could not be estimated to invest at adequately high levels in the formation of such forms of capital as of increasing returns to scale, technological externalities, and the reality that such investments tend to exhibit the characteristics of public goods. As neo-classical-type adjustment or marginal changes could not effectively address the problem at hand, planning was visualized as a necessary means of developing macroeconomic targets and providing the organizing efforts and consistency requisite for the preferences of society to be recognized. In the economic management of both the more developed and less developed countries, a good deal of controversy has surrounded Keynes’s advocacy of more state intervention. As he wrote in his Essays in Persuasion, â€Å"I think that capitalism, wisely managed, can probably be made more efficient for attaining economic ends than any alternative system yet in sight, but that in itself, it is in many ways extremely objectionable. Our problem is to work out a social organization which shall be as efficient as possible without offending our notions of a satisfactory way of life. â€Å" Contextually, Keynes’ rejection of laissez-faire cannot be construed as an support of the bureaucratic type of planning that was once popular in former socialist countries and the developing world. The issue had surfaced throughout the celebrated Socialist Calculation debate of the interwar years as a means of showing why a decentralized market economy is probable to provide a greater degree of socio-economic coordination than a central one. Specifically, Nobel Laureate Friedrich Hayek (1935) had argued that growing political involvement in the economic system would ultimately lead to totalitarian dictatorship. Hayekian anti-Keynesianism was to conduct in the idea of a â€Å"dirigiste dogma,† or the potential dangers innate in government solutions to economic and social problems. Yet, it can be contradicted that the â€Å"dogma† was perhaps more pertinent to his disciples than to Keynes himself. As, his analysis of the British economy throughout the thirties was based on assumptions concerning rationally functioning markets. The case for planning was restricted to the concern of a macroeconomic framework in which microeconomic choices could be reasonably orchestrated. The guiding viewpoint was that in the absence of a proper macroeconomic â€Å"enabling† environment, markets will engender the kind of stagnation implied in underemployment equilibrium. At the international level, as a result, the counter-revolution was translated into a revisionist loom to North-South relations based on an extolment of the advantages of Adam Smith’s â€Å"invisible hand† over the difficulties of the â€Å"visible hand† of statism. Contextually, the â€Å"poverty of development economics† has been accredited to the â€Å"policy induced, and thus far from expected distortions formed by irrational dirigisme† (Lal 1983: 1). In his view, conventional development economics was not simply too dogmatic and dirigiste in its orientation, but also sustained by a number of â€Å"fallacies,† including: (i) the belief that the price-market mechanism must be displaced rather than supplemented; (ii) that the efficiency gains from enhanced allocation of given resources are quantitatively irrelevant; (iii) that the case for free trade lacks soundness for developing countries; (iv) that government control of prices, wages, imports, and the allocation of productive assets is a indispensable prerequisite for poverty improvement; and (v) that rational maximizing behavior by economic agents is not a common phenomenon. Besides advocating a smaller role for the state, Lal also joins hands with Hayek in arguing that nothing must be done about income distribution. â€Å"We cannot . . . identify equity and efficiency as the sole ends of social welfare . . . Other ends such as liberty are also valued. . . . [And] if redistribution entails costs in terms of other social ends which are equally valued it would be foolish to disregard them and concentrate solely on the strictly economic ends† (Lal 1983: 89). This argument can be construed to mean that no matter how considerable the welfare gains that are probable to accrue from redistributive policies, no liberty is ever worth trading or forfeiting. Besides the ideological tunnel vision that lies at the heart of such a claim, it can be argued that the potential of attaining authentic development depend as much on the sensitivity of the state to distributive justice as on the competence and locative goals stressed in neoclassical economics or the â€Å"liberty† that is the focus of â€Å"new† classical political economy. Peter Bauer, another inner figure in the counter-revolution, challenges the major variations in economic structure and levels of developmental attainment among countries must be explained in terms of equivalent differences in resource endowments and individualistic orientations. This viewpoint rests on a basic belief that the inherent potentials of individuals can be drawn out throughout the play of market forces. Contextually, he states (1981: 8s), â€Å"the precise causes of differences in income and wealth are complex and various. . . . [I]n substance such differences result from people’s widely differing attitudes and motivations, and also to some extent from chance circumstances. Some people are gifted, hardworking, ambitious, and enterprising, or had farsighted parents, and they are more likely to become well off. â€Å" In turn, such attributes are measured accountable for the East Asian success stories, or a demonstration of the legality and correctness of the individualistic free market approach to economic development. In more general terms, the achievement of these countries is interpreted as a substantiation of the domain assumptions of neo-classical economic theory: that competent growth can be promoted by relying on free markets, getting prices to replicate real scarcities, liberalizing trade policy, and authorizing international price signals to be more generously transmitted to the domestic economy. On the whole idea, therefore, is that market-oriented systems with private incentives lean to show a superior performance in terms of growth attainment. In general, critics of the â€Å"dirigiste dogma† such as Hayek, Lal, and Bauer assert that, compared to countries in the more developed division of the world, most governments in the less developed sector lack the type of knowledge and data required for rational intervention, are often less democratic, and often exhibit motives that are at inconsistency with Keynesian-type or structuralist objectives of growth with redeployment and full employment. The reaction is that markets in both sectors of the world are less liberated than is usually supposed, lack the capability for making rational decisions, and particularly in the developing world, not always adequately organized to effectively convey the essential price signals. There is numerous element of truth in both the anti-Keynesian and Keynesian/structuralist perspectives. Where the balance is lastly drawn becomes an issue of ideology and slanted judgment rather than scientific economic analysis. In any event, the path follo wed by any particular country is typically constrained by its historical and socio-cultural situation. In addition, the obstruction of local forms of industrial development led to the configuration of a modern middle class of â€Å"petit bourgeoisie† comprising army officials, government bureaucrats, civil servants, teachers, and related cadres. In certain regions and countries, they integrated small traders, â€Å"progressive farmers,† â€Å"middle peasants,† and similar groups that come to obtain increasing importance in the absence of meaningful industrialization. They were to become the prime advocates of state capitalism and other forms of â€Å"national developmentalism. † In conclusion, approximately all states in the developing world are domineering in varying degrees. Several are classic cases of the predator or rentier state in which everything is part of a ruler’s individual fiefdom and high offices are up for sale to the highest bidders. There are a few cases, yet, where governments have established some measure of institutional consistency in the detection of collective development goals. Needless to say, the situation diverges from one historical or political framework to another. The majority of developing countries have no substitute but to rely on a strong and focused government to map out a strategic development way. The obstinate theoretical and practical question relics why different types of interventionist states with command over similar resources and instruments of control tend to show extremely conflicting development orientations and end up on dissimilar development paths. The consensual view is that the great majority have remained â€Å"regulatory† or â€Å"obstructionist† and are far back on the road to becoming real â€Å"development states† that portray the vision and capability needed to promote necessary development goals. Achievement of the latter depending not so much on the dimension of the government apparatus but more on its quality and efficiency. This has been established by the development experience of Nordic and East Asian countries, which have been thriving in meshing interventionist schemes with the market mechanism, as well as in cultivation resilient coalitions of modernizing interests in the structuring of national development agendas. Traditionally, such coalitions have resultant their integrity, credibility, and political legality from the nation’s collective aspirations. The centralization of decision making has been efficiently combined with flexibility in dealing with technical and market conditions. Goals and policies have been continually interpreted and reinterpreted on the basis of organizational networks between party organizations, public officials, and private entrepreneurs. This is not meant to propose that what has worked in the flourishing corporatist models of the Nordic countries and the Sinitic world, particularly Japan, can or should be replicated in the late-developing world. In the first place, the social and cultural homogeneity in both regions have made the counterfeiting of a political consensus much easier. Second, the tensions that continuously arise between the spoken interests of organized classes, pressure groups, and the state influential responsible for policy formulation and implementation cannot be resolved in a context free or institutionally neutral manner. The state remains a â€Å"strategic actor in the game of mixed conflict and cooperation amongst other groups† (Bardhan 1988: 65). Under the conditions, the nature of developmental outcomes eventually depends on its ability to determine conflicts and make compromises in an open political milieu. The directness of the political process determines the nature and efficacy of the development delivery system and the degree to which consensual relationships can be recognized and nurtured with labor, business, people’s organizations, and the rustic sector. How to cite Development politics-political science, Papers